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    <lastmod>2025-12-01</lastmod>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.apegroup-uzh.com/research</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-07-03</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/1641841753379-3ARB307NA0VM8OVC5U5M/unsplash-image-n5_TxzcewEc.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/1641580931766-X34LNXPWHLEMD86XD8PG/unsplash-image-zP1rH8NjjUo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - The Nimba Mountains</image:title>
      <image:caption>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/1643825675807-25RBI7XDGUM3IPPHACM2/unsplash-image-rJ5vHo8gr2U.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/a39194e7-ca6f-41ed-b9bc-2534f274b8ef/P1090443.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - What drives chimpanzee tool use &amp; culture?</image:title>
      <image:caption>Chimpanzees use tools in a variety of context - just like we do! Nut cracking, termite fishing and ant dipping are examples of cultural tool use variants. Yet, not all chimpanzee communities use the same types of tools. We examined the influence of environmental factors on tool use among the Seringbara chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, where nut cracking and termite fishing are absent, but ant dipping is present. We tested two hypotheses. The opportunity hypothesis states that encounter rates with nuts, insects or tools explain tool use patterns. The necessity hypothesis states that tool use is a response to food scarcity. Our findings supported the opportunity hypothesis: nut trees and termite mounds were rare and peripheral to the chimpanzees’ range, whereas army ants were abundant and widespread. This highlights the importance of considering environmental conditions in explaining tool use by wild chimpanzees and emphasize the interplay between environment and culture.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/e582d3e2-3fa0-43a5-b5ea-ed9e07d3519a/Bonobo_Koops2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Chimpanzees and bonobos: What explains the difference in tool use?</image:title>
      <image:caption>Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closest living relatives. Whereas chimpanzees are renowned for their tool use, bonobos use few tools and none in foraging. We investigated whether extrinsic (ecological and social opportunities) or intrinsic (predispositions) differences explain this contrast by comparing chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (DRC). We assessed ecological opportunities based on availability of resources requiring tool use. We also examined potential opportunities for social learning in immature apes. Lastly, we investigated predispositions for tool use by measuring object manipulation and object play. We found that extrinsic opportunities did not explain the tool use difference, whereas intrinsic predispositions did. Young chimpanzees manipulated and played more with objects than young bonobos. Our findings suggest that selection for object interest likely also played an important role in the evolution of hominin tool use.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Research - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/d5b23d0f-383f-4778-bbbc-beb5274abc67/Bossou+chimpanzee+nut+cracking+-+K.+Koops.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Tool use &amp; culture</image:title>
      <image:caption>We study how, and why, apes and humans develop their cultural tool use skills. We investigate the evolutionary drivers of technology, as well as the developmental process of acquiring tool use skills.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/452da2fd-40db-47d5-94e7-a00d5d6ac749/Bonobo_Koops7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Behaviour &amp; ecology</image:title>
      <image:caption>We study the behaviour and ecology of wild apes. Research topics include sociality, foraging and communication. We investigate the evolutionary origins and ecological drivers of their behaviour.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/d5c61b08-3e5c-4fd2-88dc-fc1d6ad10ecf/Seringbara+chimpanzee+3+-+K.+Koops.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Research &amp; conservation</image:title>
      <image:caption>We investigate how wild chimpanzees utilize their environment. We employ genetic censusing, habit suitability modeling, and camera trapping. Our research helps to inform conservation strategies.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/40d9fd00-ed1e-4ba8-89b2-4bc77ec281cc/SNF_logo_standard_office_color_pos_e.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61d606316b15d520d1986418/e6cc7b5c-e017-42c2-8668-8db174456d76/Bonobo_Koops1.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research</image:title>
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      <image:title>Research - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.apegroup-uzh.com/publications</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-03-31</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.apegroup-uzh.com/home</loc>
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    <priority>1.0</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-02-14</lastmod>
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      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Dr Jake Funkhouser joins the APE Group as a postdoctoral researcher.</image:caption>
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